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\n\u4e3b\u540e661\u5e74\uff0c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u603b\u7763\u7a46\u963f\u7ef4\u53f6\uff08Mu\uff07awiya\uff09\u593a\u5f97\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u804c\u5206\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u94a6\u70b9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u4e3a\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u88ad\u653f\u6743\u502d\u9a6c\u4e9a\u738b\u671d\uff08Umayyad dynasty\uff09\uff0c\u5b9a\u90fd\u5927\u9a6c\u58eb\u9769\u3002\u502d\u9a6c\u4e9a\u738b\u671d\u7684\u7279\u8272\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u53d8\u5f97\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u5b97\u6559\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u76f8\u5f53\u5bb9\u5fcd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u66fc\u6b8a\u5c14\u02d9\u4f0a\u672c\u02d9\u585e\u5947\uff08Mansur ibn-Sarjun\uff09\u66f4\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ad8\u4f4d\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u5927\u81e3\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b59\u5b50\u5373\u662f\u96c6\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u3001\u4fee\u9053\u58eb\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u62a4\u6559\u8005\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\u4e4b\u5927\u9a6c\u58eb\u9769\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff08John of Damascus\uff09\uff01
\n\u5927\u9a6c\u58eb\u9769\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u4f1a\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0e\u4e1c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u5229\u5965\u4e09\u4e16\u4e3a\u53cd\u5723\u50cf\u6fc0\u8fa9\u800c\u8457\u79f0\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u502d\u9a6c\u4e9a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u53f6\u5fb7\u57fa\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Yazid I\uff09\u662f\u540c\u7a97\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u738b\u5b50\u9a6c\u7acb\uff08\u2018Abd al-Malik\uff09\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u4ed6\u662f\u575a\u5b9a\u53c8\u4e2d\u80af\u7684\u62a4\u6559\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5426\u5b9a\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u5e26\u9886\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u4ece\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u8f6c\u5411\u4e00\u795e\u6559\u7684\u529f\u52b3\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8d28\u7591\u4ed6\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u8eab\u5206\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8457\u518c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u6240\u5199\u7684\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u6cc9\u300b\uff08Fount of Knowledge\uff09\uff0c\u7ffb\u6210\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u540e\u66f4\u6210\u4e3a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u300a\u795e\u5b66\u5927\u5168\u300b\uff08Summa Theologoca\uff09\u7684\u8303\u672c\u3002
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