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\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\uff0c4\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bae\u4e8b\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5ba1\u8baf\u5ef6\u81f3\u665a\u95f4\u516d\u70b9\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u4eb2\u81ea\u5230\u573a\u5ba1\u8baf\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u61c2\u5fb7\u8bed\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u900f\u8fc7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u5e47\u52a9\u3002\u5ba1\u8baf\u5730\u70b9\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u5e81\uff08Der grosse Saal\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u65e5\u7687\u5e1d\u5916\uff0c\u4eb2\u738b\u4e36\u4e03\u5927\u9009\u4faf\u4e36\u5404\u5730\u4e3b\u6559\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u8bf8\u4faf\u51a0\u76d6\u4e91\u96c6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f17\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7687\u5e1d\u8ddf\u5c11\u6570\u6743\u8d35\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7ad9\u7740\u542c\u8baf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u591a\uff0c\u5927\u5e81\u4e0d\u65ad\u5347\u6e29\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u7ed9\u8def\u5fb7\u559d\u5564\u9152\u6d88\u6691\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u73b0\u6c14\u6c1b\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u7d27\u5f20\u70ed\u70c8\u3002
\u8def\u5fb7\u7528\u5fb7\u6587\u6761\u7406\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u9648\u660e\u524d\u4e00\u5929\u88ab\u8d28\u8be2\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672b\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c48\u4ece\u4e8e\u6559\u7687\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u9519\u8bef\u767e\u51fa\u4e36\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6211\u521a\u521a\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u4ee4\u6211\u6ee1\u610f\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u5723\u7ecf\u6539\u5909\u6211\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u6536\u5230\u56de\u6211\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u51fa\u8fdd\u5fc3\u4e4b\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u522b\u7684\u8bdd\u53ef\u8bf4\u4e86\uff0c\u613f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e47\u52a9\u6211\u3002\u201d\u540e\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u6b21\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u7684\u7533\u8ff0\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cDiet of Worms\u201d\uff08\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09\u3002
\u4e3b\u5ba1\u5b98\u8981\u6c42\u8def\u5fb7\u6539\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u5927\u58f0\u8bf4\u51fa\u65b9\u624d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8ba9\u66f4\u591a\u4e0d\u8c19\u5fb7\u6587\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u542c\u61c2\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u91cd\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u542c\u5f97\u5f88\u53d1\u706b\uff0c\u51e0\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u518d\u8ba9\u8def\u5fb7\u6709\u8fa9\u89e3\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7740\u4f17\u4eb2\u738b\u548c\u8bf8\u4faf\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fee\u58eb\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u5e03\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u662f\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03\u8ffd\u6355\u4ee4\u3002
1521\u5e745\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u53d1\u5e03\u996c\u4ee4\uff0c20\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u7f09\u72af\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5f97\u5230\u667a\u8005\u8153\u529b\uff08Frederick the Wise\uff09\u7684\u6697\u52a9\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u4e00\u4e2a\u62a2\u6551\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u8fd4\u56de\u5a01\u767b\u5821\u7684\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5047\u7ed1\u67b6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63b3\u8d70\uff0c\u85cf\u5728\u74e6\u7279\u5821\uff08Wartburg\uff09\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u91cc\u5341\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\uff08\u8be6\u53c2\u8def\u5fb7\u5bb6\u4e61\u8db4\u8db4\u8d70\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u533f\u85cf10\u4e2a\u6708\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u300a\u536b\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u603b1195\u671f\uff0c2018\u5e7412\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u98758-9\uff09
\u8def\u5fb7\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u7687\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u9648\u8ff0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u516c\u7f72\u5df2\u4e8e1689\u5e74\u6bc1\u4e8e\u70fd\u706b\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u5740\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u9ed1\u65af\u970d\u592b\u82b1\u56ed\uff08Heylshofgarten\uff09\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5730\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u5904\u7891\u5fd7\uff0c\u6807\u660e\u90a3\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7acb\u8db3\u9648\u660e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5e74\u524d\u8fd8\u7279\u5236\u4e86\u4e00\u53cc\u5927\u94dc\u978b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6e38\u5ba2\u7a7f\u4e0a\u62cd\u7167\uff0c\u4e5f\u56de\u60f3\u8def\u5fb7\u5f53\u5e74\u4e0d\u754f\u60e7\u5730\u7533\u660e\u5176\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff08Here I stand, I can do no other\uff09\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u63d0\u9192\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6311\u6218\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u7ad9\u7a33\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u94dc\u978b\u7684\u524d\u65b9\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u5757\u6807\u5fd7\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u94dc\u96d5\u2014\u2014\u4e8e1971\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u6674\u5929\u9739\u96f3\u201d\uff08lightning bolt\uff09\u3002\u3000

\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7fa4\u82f1\u96d5\u50cf<\/span><\/strong>
\u79bb\u5f00\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u9ed1\u65af\u970d\u592b\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u518d\u5f80\u53f3\u8d70\u51fa\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u4e0d\u8fdc\u5904\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u7ec4\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7fa4\u82f1\u94dc\u50cf\uff1aLutherdenkmal\uff08\u82f1\u6587:Luther Monument\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u7ec4\u7fa4\u82f1\u50cf\u662f\u4e8e1868\u5e74\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5fb7\u94dc\u50cf\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u8def\u5fb7\u94dc\u50cf\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u3002\u7fa4\u82f1\u50cf\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u6b63\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u56db\u56f4\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u6574\u4e2a\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6bd4\u4ed6\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u6295\u8eab\u6539\u9769\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5de6\u8fb9\u662f\u667a\u8005\u8153\u529b\uff08Frederick the Wise\uff0c1463\uff0d1525\uff0cElector of Saxony\uff09\uff0c\u624b\u4e0a\u62ff\u7740\u5251\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5251\u4ee3\u8868\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5766\u767d\u8bf4\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u3002\u8153\u529b\u867d\u8d35\u4e3a\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf\uff0c\u5374\u4ee5\u79d8\u5bc6\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5b88\u62a4\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u8eb2\u8fc7\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u901a\u7f09\u4ee4\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u5a01\u767b\u5821\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u8be5\u9547\u6210\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u91cd\u9547\u3002
\u53f3\u8fb9\u9ed1\u68ee\u7684\u8153\u529b\uff08Philip I\uff0cLandgrave of Hesse\uff0c1504\uff0d1567\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f2f\u7235\uff0c\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f1529\u5e74\u53ec\u5f00\u9a6c\u5fb7\u5821\uff08Madgeburg\uff09\u4f1a\u8c08\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002
\u53f3\u8fb9\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u58a8\u5170\u987f\uff08Philipp Melanchthon\uff0c1497\uff0d1525\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u540c\u5de5\uff0c\u88ab\u5f62\u5bb9\u662f\u65f7\u4e16\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5929\u624d\uff0c\u5e47\u52a9\u8def\u5fb7\u66f4\u7cbe\u8f9f\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u5723\u7ecf\u8981\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u64b0\u4e4b\u300a\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u300b\uff0c\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u4fe1\u4e49\u5b97\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002
\u5de6\u8fb9\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u5362\u897f\u6797\uff08Johann Reuchlin\uff0c1455\uff0d1522\uff09\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u5e08\u7ea7\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u58a8\u5170\u987f\u7684\u8205\u516c\u3002
\u8def\u5fb7\u94dc\u50cf\u5e95\u4e0b\u53e6\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5148\u9a71\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u63a8\u52a8\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u65e9\u8def\u5fb7100\u5e74\u7684\u80e1\u65af\u53ca\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u5a01\u514b\u7406\u592b\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u8ddf\u5a01\u514b\u7406\u592b\u4e36\u80e1\u65af\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u4e0d\u592a\u597d\u3002\u80e1\u65af\u4e8e1415\u5e74\u88ab\u5224\u4e3a\u5f02\u7aef\u70e7\u6b7b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8def\u5fb7\u8fd8\u662f\u6210\u529f\u4e86\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6709\u5982\u201c\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u201d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u5b57Worms\uff08\u610f\u4e3a\u866b\u3001\u8815\u866b\u3001\u86c0\u866b\u6216\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\uff09\u2014\u2014\u628a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u75c5\u5165\u818f\u8093\u7684\u201c\u866b\u201d\u7ed9\u9664\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u65b0\u6559\uff08Protestantism\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559\uff09\u3002\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u662f\u5e94\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u65e7\u6559\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u800c\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u73b0\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u201d\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u3002\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u79f0\u547c\u6e90\u81ea\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u201cprotestation\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u201c\u6297\u8bae\uff02\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u201c\u6297\u7f57\u5b97\u201d\u4e36\u201c\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u201d\u4e36\u201c\u66f4\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u7b49\u79f0\u547c\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6587\/\u9ec4\u5b5f\u793c\uff08\u672c\u62a5\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\uff09 \u4e0a\u7bc7\u63d0\u53ca\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u4e8e1518\u5e744\u670826\u65e5\u5728\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u7684\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u4fee\u4f1a\u5927\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7533\u8fa9\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u8bba\u8fa9\u201d\uff08Heidelberg Disputation\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5341\u67b6\u795e\u5b66\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u8363\u8000\u795e\u5b66\u201d\u2500\u2500\u4eba\u5168\u7136\u8d25\u574f\u4e36\u552f\u6709\u9760\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u56e0\u4fe1\u79f0\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u8fa9\u8bba\u8ba9\u8def\u5fb7\u8d62\u5f97\u8bb8\u652f\u6301\u8005\u548c\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6539\u9769\u8005\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e5d\u5341\u4e94\u6761\u8bba\u7eb2\u4e4b\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u89c2\u4e5f\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u65e0\u8bef\u3002\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u60e7\u6015\u5728\u88ab\u9769\u9664\u6559\u7c4d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u5047\u5982\u88ab\u9769\u9664\u6559\u7c4d\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u516c\u6b63\u7684\uff0c\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\u82e5\u5fe7\u4f24\u75db\u6094\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u5f97\u6551\uff1b\u82e5\u5224\u51b3\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u6709\u798f\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u70ed\u5fc3\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8bf4\u8bdd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u591a\u660e\u5c3c\u52a0\u4fee\u4f1a\uff08Dominican\uff09\u5c55\u5f00\u8bba\u6218\u3002\u591a\u660e\u5c3c\u52a0\u4fee\u4f1a\u4e0d\u7518\u793a\u5f31\uff0c\u6307\u63a7\u8def\u5fb7\u662f\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7f57\u9a6c\u60e9\u6212\u3002\u4f46\u6559\u7687\u6295\u9f20\u5fcc\u5668\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u5f97\u7f6a\u5a01\u767b\u5821\u7684\u9009\u4faf\u8153\u529b\uff0c\u4ea4\u7531\u67a2\u673a\uff08\u7ea2\u8863\uff09\u4e3b\u6559\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\uff08Thomas de Vio Cajetan\uff09\u5904\u7406\u30021518\u5e7410\u670812\u81f314\u65e5\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u9a7b\u5730\uff1a\u5965\u65af\u5821\uff08Augsburg\uff09\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u67a2\u673a\u4e3b\u6559\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\uff08Thomas Cajetan\uff09\u7684\u79c1\u4e0b\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u6559\u7687\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u63d0\u9192\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u6559\u7687\u4fbf\u662f\u90a3\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\uff0c\u6545\u6559\u7687\u9ad8\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4\u8def\u5fb7\u6536\u56de\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u53ca\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u8def\u5fb7\u8981\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u4e0e\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u8bdd\u4e0d\u5408\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4e8c\u4eba\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u558a\u53eb\u5bf9\u5cd9\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b22\u800c\u6563\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4f1a\u9762\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u706b\u6c14\u9053\u6b49\uff0c\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u540e\u51b2\u7a81\u4ecd\u518d\u91cd\u6f14\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u6700\u540e\u7684\u4f1a\u6664\uff0c\u4f9d\u65e7\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u6b64\u56de\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u5730\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u670d\u4ece\u6559\u7687\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8bdd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6298\u670d\u4ed6\u3002\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\u5219\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u542c\u4ece\u6559\u7687\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002\u56e0\u7740\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u9000\u8ba9\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fe6\u8036\u5766\u8868\u793a\u8981\u62bc\u89e3\u8def\u5fb7\u81f3\u7f57\u9a6c\u53d7\u5ba1\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8fde\u591c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u9003\u4ea1\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9009\u4faf\u8153\u529b\u4ece\u4e2d\u65a1\u65cb\uff0c1519\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u8fbe\u6210\u505c\u53e3\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5747\u4fdd\u6301\u7f04\u9ed8\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u53d1\u8a00\u30021519\u5e746\u670827\u65e5\u81f37\u67088\u65e5\u6708\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u5ef7\u4ee3\u8868\u57c3\u514b\uff08Johann Maier Eck, 1486-1543\uff09\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\u62b5\u8fbe\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\uff08Lepzig\uff09\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u573a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u8fa9\u8bba\u201d\uff08Leipzig Debate\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u8fa9\u8bba\u4ece\u70bc\u72f1\u4e36\u8d4e\u7f6a\u5238\u4e36\u544a\u89e3\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u5b97\u6743\u5a01\u7b49\u7f57\u9a6c\u53ca\u6559\u4f1a\u4f20\u7edf\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e89\u8fa9\u3002\u57c3\u514b\u662f\u6559\u5ef7\u548c\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u634d\u536b\u8005\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u8fa9\u8bba\u6301\u7eed18\u5929\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u6700\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u4e36\u6559\u4f1a\u53ca\u8bae\u4f1a\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8fa9\u8bba\u5730\u70b9\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u7684\u666e\u83b1\u68ee\u5821\uff08Pleissenburg\uff09\u3002\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u8fa9\u8bba\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u5229\u5965\u5341\u4e16\u57281520\u5e746\u670815\u65e5\u9881\u4e0b\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u8def\u5fb7\u4e3a\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u996c\u4ee4\u711a\u70e7\u4ed6\u7684\u7740\u8ff0\uff0c\u9650\u4ed6\u572860\u5929\u5185\u6094\u6539\uff0c\u4e0d\u7136\u9010\u51fa\u6559\u4f1a\u4e36\u9769\u9664\u6559\u7c4d\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u8def\u5fb7\u4ecd\u7136\u62d2\u7edd\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u7533\u5723\u7ecf\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u3000\u30001520\u5e74\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7ee7\u7eed\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u81f4\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8d35\u65cf\u516c\u5f00\u4e66\u300b\u4e36\u300a\u6559\u4f1a\u88ab\u63b3\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u300b\u4e36\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u4e09\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u767e\u672c\u5fb7\u6587\u5c0f\u518c\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u300212\u670810\u65e5\u6e05\u65e9\uff0c\u5a01\u767b\u5821\u7684\u6559\u6388\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u5728\u57ce\u95e8\u5916\u7684\u5e7f\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u628a\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u4e66\u7c4d\u70b9\u706b\u711a\u70e7\uff1b\u8def\u5fb7\u81ea\u5df1\u628a\u6559\u7687\u8c15\u4ee4\u6295\u5728\u70c8\u7130\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ba3\u544a\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f60\u6c61\u635f\u795e\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u613f\u795e\u628a\u4f60\u6bc1\u706d\u5728\u8fd9\u706b\u91cc\uff01\u201d\u3002 \u4e07\u4f17\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f1a\u8bae1521\u5e741\u670828\u65e5\u81f35\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u6c83\u6728\u65af\uff08Worms\uff09\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u5e74\u4ec521\u5c81\uff0c\u521a\u767b\u57fa\u7684\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\uff08Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1500-1558)\u8981\u6c42\u8def\u5fb7\u51fa\u5e2d\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5176\u4eba\u8eab\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u660e\u77e5\u524d\u8def\u51f6\u9669\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u751f\u6b7b\u5173\u5934\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u51b3\u5b9a\u5192\u9669\u524d\u5f80\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u5728\u9014\u4e2d\u6709\u4eba\u4ee5\u80e1\u65af\u7684\u6b7b\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\uff1b\u4f46\u8def\u5fb7\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u80e1\u65af\u867d\u88ab\u711a\u6bd9\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u7406\u72b9\u5b58\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u9b3c\u9b54\u50cf\u5c4b\u9876\u4e0a\u7684\u74e6\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\uff0c\u5145\u585e\u4e86\u6c83\u6728\u65af\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u53bb\uff01\u201d1521\u5e744\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u642d\u4e58\u53cc\u8f6e\u62c9\u8f66\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u9690\u4fee\u4f1a\u4fee\u58eb\u966a\u540c\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u8d77\u8e0f\u4e0a\u65c5\u7a0b\u3002\u4ed6\u5148\u5230\u57c3\u5c14\u7279\u5f17\u4e36\u827e\u68ee\u7eb3\u7b49\u57ce\u8bb2\u9053\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u52a0\u5165\u6539\u6559\u9635\u8425\u30024\u670816\u65e5\u793c\u62dc\u4e8c\u65e9\u4e0a10\u65f6\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u62b5\u8fbe\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u57ce\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u524d\u6765\u58f0\u63f4\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e24\u5343\u4eba\u7ed9\u4ed6\u82f1\u96c4\u5f0f\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u62a4\u9001\u4ed6\u5230\u4e0b\u584c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c4\u670817\u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u56db\u70b9\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u88ab\u901a\u77e5\u524d\u5f80\u4e3b\u6559\u516c\u7f72\uff08Bishop’s palace\uff09\u5c0f\u5385\uff08Der minor Saal\uff09\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u516c\u5f00\u5ba1\u8baf\uff0c\u670920\u591a\u672c\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u88ab\u6446\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u51f3\u4e0a\u3002\u4e3b\u5ba1\u5b98\u786e\u8ba4\u8def\u5fb7\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u7c4d\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8be2\u95ee\u8def\u5fb7\u662f\u5426\u613f\u610f\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u64a4\u56de\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u5f8b\u5e08\u53d4\u5c14\u592b\u535a\u58eb\uff08Dr. Schurf\uff09\u5f53\u573a\u6297\u8bae\u5450\u558a\uff1a\u201c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u8981\u628a\u4f60\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e66\u540d\u5217\u51fa\u6765\u5427\uff01\u201d\u9762\u5bf9\u5a01\u6743\u7f69\u9876\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u8bf7\u6c42\u7687\u5e1d\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5bbd\u9650\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4ed4\u7ec6\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u5929\u3002\u4e3b\u5ba1\u5b98\u5f97\u5230\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u6388\u610f\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5ba1\u8baf\u5ef6\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u5929\uff0c4\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bae\u4e8b\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u5ba1\u8baf\u5ef6\u81f3\u665a\u95f4\u516d\u70b9\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u4eb2\u81ea\u5230\u573a\u5ba1\u8baf\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u61c2\u5fb7\u8bed\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u900f\u8fc7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u5e47\u52a9\u3002\u5ba1\u8baf\u5730\u70b9\u6362\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u5e81\uff08Der grosse Saal\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u65e5\u7687\u5e1d\u5916\uff0c\u4eb2\u738b\u4e36\u4e03\u5927\u9009\u4faf\u4e36\u5404\u5730\u4e3b\u6559\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u8bf8\u4faf\u51a0\u76d6\u4e91\u96c6\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f17\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7687\u5e1d\u8ddf\u5c11\u6570\u6743\u8d35\u5916\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u7ad9\u7740\u542c\u8baf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u591a\uff0c\u5927\u5e81\u4e0d\u65ad\u5347\u6e29\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u7ed9\u8def\u5fb7\u559d\u5564\u9152\u6d88\u6691\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u73b0\u6c14\u6c1b\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u7d27\u5f20\u70ed\u70c8\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u7528\u5fb7\u6587\u6761\u7406\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u9648\u660e\u524d\u4e00\u5929\u88ab\u8d28\u8be2\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672b\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c48\u4ece\u4e8e\u6559\u7687\u548c\u8bae\u4f1a\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u6211\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u9519\u8bef\u767e\u51fa\u4e36\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u2026\u2026\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6211\u521a\u521a\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u4ee4\u6211\u6ee1\u610f\u4fe1\u670d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u5723\u7ecf\u6539\u5909\u6211\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u6536\u5230\u56de\u6211\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u51fa\u8fdd\u5fc3\u4e4b\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u522b\u7684\u8bdd\u53ef\u8bf4\u4e86\uff0c\u613f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e47\u52a9\u6211\u3002\u201d\u540e\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u6b21\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u7684\u7533\u8ff0\u79f0\u4e3a\u201cDiet of Worms\u201d\uff08\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09\u3002\u4e3b\u5ba1\u5b98\u8981\u6c42\u8def\u5fb7\u6539\u7528\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u5927\u58f0\u8bf4\u51fa\u65b9\u624d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8ba9\u66f4\u591a\u4e0d\u8c19\u5fb7\u6587\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u542c\u61c2\u3002\u8def\u5fb7\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u91cd\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u542c\u5f97\u5f88\u53d1\u706b\uff0c\u51e0\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u67e5\u7406\u4e94\u4e16\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u518d\u8ba9\u8def\u5fb7\u6709\u8fa9\u89e3\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7740\u4f17\u4eb2\u738b\u548c\u8bf8\u4faf\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fee\u58eb\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u5e03\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u662f\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03\u8ffd\u6355\u4ee4\u30021521\u5e745\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u53d1\u5e03\u996c\u4ee4\uff0c20\u65e5\u751f\u6548\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u7f09\u72af\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5f97\u5230\u667a\u8005\u8153\u529b\uff08Frederick the Wise\uff09\u7684\u6697\u52a9\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u4e00\u4e2a\u62a2\u6551\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u79bb\u5f00\u6c83\u6728\u65af\u8fd4\u56de\u5a01\u767b\u5821\u7684\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5047\u7ed1\u67b6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63b3\u8d70\uff0c\u85cf\u5728\u74e6\u7279\u5821\uff08Wartburg\uff09\u7684\u57ce\u5821\u91cc\u5341\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\uff08\u8be6\u53c2\u8def\u5fb7\u5bb6\u4e61\u8db4\u8db4\u8d70\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u533f\u85cf10\u4e2a\u6708\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u300a\u536b\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u603b1195\u671f\uff0c2018\u5e7412\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u98758-9\uff09\u8def\u5fb7\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u7687\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u9648\u8ff0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u516c\u7f72\u5df2\u4e8e1689\u5e74\u6bc1\u4e8e\u70fd\u706b\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u5740\u662f\u4f4d\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u9ed1\u65af\u970d\u592b\u82b1\u56ed\uff08Heylshofgarten\uff09\uff0c\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u5730\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u5904\u7891\u5fd7\uff0c\u6807\u660e\u90a3\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7acb\u8db3\u9648\u660e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5e74\u524d\u8fd8\u7279\u5236\u4e86\u4e00\u53cc\u5927\u94dc\u978b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6e38\u5ba2\u7a7f\u4e0a\u62cd\u7167\uff0c\u4e5f\u56de\u60f3\u8def\u5fb7\u5f53\u5e74\u4e0d\u754f\u60e7\u5730\u7533\u660e\u5176\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff1a\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff08Here I stand, I can do no other\uff09\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u63d0\u9192\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u6311\u6218\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u7ad9\u7a33\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u94dc\u978b\u7684\u524d\u65b9\u8fd8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u5757\u6807\u5fd7\u6559\u4f1a\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u94dc\u96d5\u2014\u2014\u4e8e1971\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u6674\u5929\u9739\u96f3\u201d\uff08lightning bolt\uff09\u3002\u3000 \u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7fa4\u82f1\u96d5\u50cf\u79bb\u5f00\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u4e3b\u6559\u5ea7\u5802\u53f3\u4fa7\u7684\u9ed1\u65af\u970d\u592b\u82b1\u56ed\uff0c\u518d\u5f80\u53f3\u8d70\u51fa\u82b1\u56ed\u7684\u4e0d\u8fdc\u5904\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u7ec4\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7fa4\u82f1\u94dc\u50cf\uff1aLutherdenkmal\uff08\u82f1\u6587:Luther Monument\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u7ec4\u7fa4\u82f1\u50cf\u662f\u4e8e1868\u5e74\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8def\u5fb7\u94dc\u50cf\u4e5f\u662f\u6240\u6709\u8def\u5fb7\u94dc\u50cf\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u3002\u7fa4\u82f1\u50cf\u4e2d\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u6b63\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u56db\u56f4\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u6574\u4e2a\u6539\u9769\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6bd4\u4ed6\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u6295\u8eab\u6539\u9769\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5de6\u8fb9\u662f\u667a\u8005\u8153\u529b\uff08Frederick the Wise\uff0c1463\uff0d1525\uff0cElector of Saxony\uff09\uff0c\u624b\u4e0a\u62ff\u7740\u5251\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u5251\u4ee3\u8868\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5766\u767d\u8bf4\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u82e5\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6210\u529f\u3002\u8153\u529b\u867d\u8d35\u4e3a\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf\uff0c\u5374\u4ee5\u79d8\u5bc6\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5b88\u62a4\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u8eb2\u8fc7\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u901a\u7f09\u4ee4\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5efa\u7acb\u5a01\u767b\u5821\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u8be5\u9547\u6210\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u91cd\u9547\u3002\u53f3\u8fb9\u9ed1\u68ee\u7684\u8153\u529b\uff08Philip I\uff0cLandgrave of Hesse\uff0c1504\uff0d1567\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f2f\u7235\uff0c\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f1529\u5e74\u53ec\u5f00\u9a6c\u5fb7\u5821\uff08Madgeburg\uff09\u4f1a\u8c08\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u53f3\u8fb9\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u58a8\u5170\u987f\uff08Philipp Melanchthon\uff0c1497\uff0d1525\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u540c\u5de5\uff0c\u88ab\u5f62\u5bb9\u662f\u65f7\u4e16\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5929\u624d\uff0c\u5e47\u52a9\u8def\u5fb7\u66f4\u7cbe\u8f9f\u5730\u9610\u8ff0\u5723\u7ecf\u8981\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u64b0\u4e4b\u300a\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u5821\u4fe1\u6761\u300b\uff0c\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u4fe1\u4e49\u5b97\u5ba3\u8a00\u3002\u5de6\u8fb9\u540e\u9762\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u5362\u897f\u6797\uff08Johann 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