\u6587\/\u9ec4\u5b5f\u793c\uff08\u672c\u62a5\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\uff09<\/p>\n
\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u201c\u8e29\u8e0f\u201d\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u811a\u5370\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u5374\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u8d70\u4e00\u8d9f\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u8def\u7f10\uff0c\u8fd8\u771f\u7684\u6709\u70b9\u7b97\u201c\u53e6\u7c7b\u4e4b\u65c5\u201d\u5427\uff01
\n\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ff5\u5934\u8fd8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bfb\u5230\u4f1a\u7956\u7ea6\u7ff0\u536b\u65af\u7406\uff08John Wesley\uff0c1703-1791\uff09\u66fe\u4e8e1736\u5e74\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u5ba3\u6559\u65f6\uff0c\u9014\u4e2d\u8239\u4e0a\u9047\u89c1\u6469\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u53d8\u4e0d\u60ca\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e8e1738\u5e74\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5c31\u524d\u5f80\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u62a4\u57ce\uff08Herrnhut\uff09\u62dc\u8bbf\u6469\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u6559\u4f1a\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u94a6\u5c91\u591a\u592b\uff08Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf\uff0c1700\uff0d1760\u5e74\uff09\u3002
\n\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u66f4\u65e9\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5fb7\u56fd\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u7267\u5e08\uff08Rev. Heinrich Ludwig Emil Luering\uff0c1863-1937\uff09\u51fa\u73b0\u57281903\u5e74\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u524d\u5f80\u5b9e\u5146\u8fdc\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u5f15\u8d77\u597d\u5947\uff1a\u600e\u4e48\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5dee\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5462\uff1f
\n\u524d\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5230\u8386\u7530\u8003\u5bdf\u5174\u5316\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u4ed9\u6e38\u53bf\u533b\u9662\u7bf1\u7b06\u5927\u95e8\u65c1\u7684\u4e00\u4fa7\u5e95\u90e8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u201cMargaret Eliza Nast Memorial Hospital\u201d\u7684\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5973\u4f1a\u533b\u9986\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u3002\u8be5\u533b\u9662\u8d5e\u52a9\u4eba\u8303\u59ae\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u7279-\u7518\u5e03\u5c14(Fanny Nast-Gamble)\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u7279(William Nast)\u662f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u64cd\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c8\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d3e\u9063\u4f20\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u3002\u8303\u59ae\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9d\u6d01\u516c\u53f8\uff08P&G\uff09\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u513f\u5ab3\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u90fd\u5f15\u8d77\u5728\u4e0b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8d81\u7740\u8d70\u4e00\u8d9f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e4b\u65c5\u65f6\uff0c\u7279\u5730\u627e\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u7684\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u4e26\u7279\u5730\u5b89\u6392\u524d\u5f80\u7f57\u4f0a\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff08Reutlingen\uff09\uff0c\u62dc\u8bbf\u5f53\u5730\u536b\u7406\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u53ca\u6863\u6848\u9986\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7f57\u4f0a\u7279\u6797\u6839\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u523012\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5343\u5e74\u5c0f\u93ae\uff0c\u536b\u7406\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\u9986\u5c31\u5ea7\u843d\u5728\u8ddd\u96e2\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u7ea620\u5206\u949f\u7684\u8def\u7a0b\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u516c\u4f1a\u4e2d\u592e\u6863\u6848\u9986\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u5167\uff0c\u8be5\u9662\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u73b0\u6709\u5b58\u4e66\u7ea65\u4e07\u518a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u95f4\u521b\u7acb\u4e8e1858\u5e74\u5e76\u4ee5\u5fb7\u6587\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8054\u5408\u536b\u7406\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u751a\u81f3\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5b66\u5e9c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u4e5f\u662f\u798f\u5dde\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u4e8e1847\u5e74\u4f20\u8fdb\u798f\u5dde\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u4fe1\u4e3b\u540e\u800c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5ba3\u6559\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6781\u5177\u51fa\u8272\u8bed\u8a00\u5929\u5206<\/span><\/strong> \u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bb2Sengoi\u8bdd\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba<\/strong><\/span> \u5efa\u7acb\u6559\u5802\u4e0e\u5b66\u6821<\/strong><\/span> \u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u5757\u5893\u7891<\/span><\/strong> \u5fb7\u56fd\u7c4d\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd<\/span><\/strong> \u6587\/\u9ec4\u5b5f\u793c\uff08\u672c\u62a5\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\uff09 \u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u201c\u8e29\u8e0f\u201d\u9a6c\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u811a\u5370\u4e4b\u4f59\uff0c\u5374\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u8d70\u4e00\u8d9f\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u8def\u7f10\uff0c\u8fd8\u771f\u7684\u6709\u70b9\u7b97\u201c\u53e6\u7c7b\u4e4b\u65c5\u201d\u5427\uff01 \u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5ff5\u5934\u8fd8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bfb\u5230\u4f1a\u7956\u7ea6\u7ff0\u536b\u65af\u7406\uff08John Wesley\uff0c1703-1791\uff09\u66fe\u4e8e1736\u5e74\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u5ba3\u6559\u65f6\uff0c\u9014\u4e2d\u8239\u4e0a\u9047\u89c1\u6469\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u53d8\u4e0d\u60ca\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e8e1738\u5e74\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5c31\u524d\u5f80\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u62a4\u57ce\uff08Herrnhut\uff09\u62dc\u8bbf\u6469\u62c9\u7ef4\u4e9a\u6559\u4f1a\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u94a6\u5c91\u591a\u592b\uff08Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf\uff0c1700\uff0d1760\u5e74\uff09\u3002 \u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u66f4\u65e9\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5fb7\u56fd\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u7267\u5e08\uff08Rev. Heinrich Ludwig Emil Luering\uff0c1863-1937\uff09\u51fa\u73b0\u57281903\u5e74\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u524d\u5f80\u5b9e\u5146\u8fdc\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u5f15\u8d77\u597d\u5947\uff1a\u600e\u4e48\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5dee\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5462\uff1f \u524d\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5230\u8386\u7530\u8003\u5bdf\u5174\u5316\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u4ed9\u6e38\u53bf\u533b\u9662\u7bf1\u7b06\u5927\u95e8\u65c1\u7684\u4e00\u4fa7\u5e95\u90e8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u201cMargaret Eliza Nast Memorial Hospital\u201d\u7684\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5973\u4f1a\u533b\u9986\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u3002\u8be5\u533b\u9662\u8d5e\u52a9\u4eba\u8303\u59ae\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u7279-\u7518\u5e03\u5c14(Fanny Nast-Gamble)\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u7279(William Nast)\u662f\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u64cd\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u53c8\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d3e\u9063\u4f20\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u3002\u8303\u59ae\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9d\u6d01\u516c\u53f8\uff08P&G\uff09\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u513f\u5ab3\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u90fd\u5f15\u8d77\u5728\u4e0b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8d81\u7740\u8d70\u4e00\u8d9f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e4b\u65c5\u65f6\uff0c\u7279\u5730\u627e\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u7684\u8d44\u8baf\uff0c\u4e26\u7279\u5730\u5b89\u6392\u524d\u5f80\u7f57\u4f0a\u7279\u6797\u6839\uff08Reutlingen\uff09\uff0c\u62dc\u8bbf\u5f53\u5730\u536b\u7406\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u53ca\u6863\u6848\u9986\u3002 \u7f57\u4f0a\u7279\u6797\u6839\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u523012\u4e07\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5343\u5e74\u5c0f\u93ae\uff0c\u536b\u7406\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\u9986\u5c31\u5ea7\u843d\u5728\u8ddd\u96e2\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u7ea620\u5206\u949f\u7684\u8def\u7a0b\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u516c\u4f1a\u4e2d\u592e\u6863\u6848\u9986\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u5167\uff0c\u8be5\u9662\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u73b0\u6709\u5b58\u4e66\u7ea65\u4e07\u518a\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u95f4\u521b\u7acb\u4e8e1858\u5e74\u5e76\u4ee5\u5fb7\u6587\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8054\u5408\u536b\u7406\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u751a\u81f3\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5b66\u5e9c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u4e5f\u662f\u798f\u5dde\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u4e8e1847\u5e74\u4f20\u8fdb\u798f\u5dde\u540e\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u4fe1\u4e3b\u540e\u800c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5ba3\u6559\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\u3002 \u6781\u5177\u51fa\u8272\u8bed\u8a00\u5929\u5206 \u770b\u8fc7\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\uff08Heinrich Ludwig Emil Luering\uff0c1863-1937\uff09\u6234\u7684\u773c\u955c\u5417\uff1f 2018\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u7279\u522b\u5230Reutlingen\u4e0e\u536b\u7406\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u6863\u6848\u9986\u62dc\u8bbf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u8be5\u9986\u8d1f\u8d23\u4ebaProf. Dr. Ulrike Schuler\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3\u5f53\u5e74\u6d3e\u5f80\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u5fb7\u7c4d\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u4e8b\u8ff9\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u8d44\u6599\uff08\u5fb7\u6587\uff09\u3001\u4e00\u5e45\u773c\u955c\uff0c\u8be5\u9986\u8fd8\u5c55\u51fa\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u66fe\u7f16\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u793c\u4eea\uff08Liturgy\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4eba\u5408\u7f16\u6709\u5173\u798f\u97f3\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u4f20\u5f00\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u6db5\u76d6\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u3001\u5370\u5c3c\u3001\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u7b49\u5730\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u97e9\u56fd\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u7b49\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u7802\u62c9\u8d8a\u957f\u5c4b\u7684\u4eba\u5934\u7b49\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u662f\u57281920\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8d44\u6599\u4ee5\u5fb7\u6587\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0b\u53ea\u62cd\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u56fe\u50cf\u3002\u5f53\u5728\u4e0b\u544a\u77e5\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u4e0e\u6797\u79f0\u7f8e\u7267\u5e08\u66fe\u5e26\u9886\u4e00\u6279\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u5230\u5b9e\u5146\u8fdc\uff08Sitiawan\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e8b\uff08\u4e24\u201c\u7f8e\u201d\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u8bbe\u7f6e\u201c\u7267\u5e08\u697c\u201d\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e”\u76db\u4e8b\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u8868\u793a\u521a\u4ece\u6587\u732e\u91cc\u83b7\u6089\u3002 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Protectorate\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u76f8\u5173\u717d\u52a8\u6807\u8bed\uff0c\u6709\u66b4\u5f92\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u52a8\u7c97\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u7684\u592a\u592a\u53d7\u6050\u5687\u521b\u4f24\u800c\u91cd\u75c5\u30021900\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee3\u66ff\u9739\u96f3\u5dde\u7684William E. 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\n\u770b\u8fc7\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\uff08Heinrich Ludwig Emil Luering\uff0c1863-1937\uff09\u6234\u7684\u773c\u955c\u5417\uff1f
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\n\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u4e8e1893\u5e74\u5a36\u4e86Violet Marie Beins\u4e3a\u592a\u592a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u534f\u52a9\u534e\u6c11\u62a4\u536b\u53f8\u7f72\uff08Chinese Protectorate\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u76f8\u5173\u717d\u52a8\u6807\u8bed\uff0c\u6709\u66b4\u5f92\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u52a8\u7c97\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u7684\u592a\u592a\u53d7\u6050\u5687\u521b\u4f24\u800c\u91cd\u75c5\u30021900\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee3\u66ff\u9739\u96f3\u5dde\u7684William E. Horley\u6559\u58eb\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e26\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6570\u95f4\u5b66\u6821\u7b49\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u5230\u91d1\u5b9d\u5ba3\u6559\uff0c\u4e26\u4e3a\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11Sengoi\uff08Sakai\uff09\u7684\u5a66\u4eba\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u4e26\u5b66Sengoi\u8bdd\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u61c2\u5f97\u8bb2Sengoi\u8bdd\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u3002
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\n\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u7267\u5e08\u4e0e\u6797\u79f0\u7f8e\u7267\u5e08\u4e00\u540c\u5e26\u9886\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u6765\u5230\u5b9e\u5146\u8fdc\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9047\u4e0a\u4e0e\u8bd7\u5deb\u798f\u5dde\u57a6\u573a\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u56e0\u571f\u58e4\u7d20\u8d28\uff0c\u7a3b\u7c73\u4e0e\u852c\u83dc\u7684\u79cd\u690d\u6210\u957f\u4e0d\u662f\u592a\u6210\u529f\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u5f15\u8fdb2\u4e07\u68f5\u6811\u80f6\u79cd\u690d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9739\u96f3\u5dde\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u7269\u3002\u5728\u6797\u79f0\u7f8e\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u95f4\u6559\u5802\uff08\u5373\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u5ba3\u9053\u5802\uff09\u53ca\u82f1\u534e\u5b66\u6821\u3002
\n\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u6559\u58eb\u4e5f\u6536\u96c6\u5f88\u591a\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u54c1\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5167\u5bb9\u662f\u4ee5\u722a\u54c7\u6587\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5747\u6536\u85cf\u5728\u6cd5\u5170\u798f\u514b\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\uff08Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main\uff09\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u3002\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u9664\u4e86\u7cbe\u901a\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u4e0e\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u9887\u6709\u4e86\u89e3\u3002
\n1905\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u5728\u8ff0\u804c\u671f\u95f4\u7528\u4e869\u4e2a\u6708\u65f6\u95f4\u8d70\u8bbf\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5411\u5404\u5730\u5ba3\u4f20\u6709\u5173\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u5ba3\u6559\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021907\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53d7\u59d4\u4efb\u4e3a\u69df\u57ce\u6559\u533a\u957f\u30021909\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed646\u5c81\u4e4b\u9645\u524d\u5f80\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u7684\u9a6c\u4e01\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u62c5\u4efb\u6559\u6388\u4e00\u804c\uff0c\u524d\u540e24\u5e74\u76f4\u52301933\u5e74\u9000\u4f11\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u5404\u5730\u8bb2\u8bfe\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u52301937\u5e7410\u6708\u53bb\u4e16\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7474\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n
\n\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u516c\u4f1a\u66fe\u6d3e\u9063\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u81f3\u4e9a\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u4ece\u4e8b\u201c\u6781\u8f89\u714c\u201d\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e38\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u88ab\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u67f3\u4f9d\u7f8e\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u6765\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u7684\u91d1\u9a6c\u5c3c\u65af\uff08Kimanis\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u6c99\u5df4\u4e00\u5e26\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u77ed\u5ba38\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5ba3\u6559\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u672a\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u798f\u97f3\u636e\u70b9\u3002\u5a46\u7f57\u6d32\u6700\u7ec8\u7531\u9ec4\u4e43\u88f3\u5e26\u9886\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u624d\u8bbe\u7acb\u536b\u7406\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u3002
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\n\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u5f53\u5e74\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u536b\u7406\u4f20\u9053\u9986\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u66f4\u65e9\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u4f20\u9053\u9986\u5c31\u5df2\u63a5\u6536\u4e24\u540d\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u5c5e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u5165\u5b66\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u201c\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5c71\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u5230\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u795e\u5b66\u9662\u63a5\u53d7\u795e\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5947\u4e8b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e24\u4e2a\u62d6\u7740\u8fab\u5b50\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u663e\u4e3a\u5947\u7279\u3002\u51b5\u4e14\uff0c\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u4ee516\u5c81\u5e74\u9f84\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53d7\u88c5\u5907\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u6709\u201c\u4f20\u9053\u5b66\u5f92\u201d\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u795e\u5b66\u751f\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u547c\uff09\u4e2d\u5e74\u7eaa\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u3002
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\n\u5728\u4e5d\u6c5f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5e93\u601d\u975e\u4e3b\u6301\u4e00\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u4ed6\u60f3\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u540d\u6700\u4e3a\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u51fa\u56fd\u5b66\u4e60\uff1a\u80e1\u5176\u70b3\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u5219\u524d\u5f80\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u5e93\u601d\u975e\u5c06\u4e24\u4eba\u90fd\u5e26\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u80e1\u5176\u70b3\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u62a4\u7167\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u7559\u5728\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u65c5\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u6ce2\u6069\u5230\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u2014\u2014\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u4f1a\u4e00\u70b9\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u53ea\u61c2\u5f97\u8bf4\u201c\u662f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u201d\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6821\u957f\u592b\u5987\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u66fc\u548c\u739b\u683c\u8fbe\u857e\u5a1c\u00b7\u66fc\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u63a5\u5f85\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u62fc\u547d\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u5fb7\u8bed\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u4e24\u4eba\u5c31\u5df2\u80fd\u53c2\u52a0\u5e38\u89c4\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002
\n1893\u5e74\u5341\u6708\uff0c\u80e1\u5176\u70b3\u5b8c\u6210\u5b66\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5374\u4e3a\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u5b89\u6392\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u201c\u9053\u8def\u201d\u30021892\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u521a\u4ece\u4e00\u6b21\u4e2d\u8033\u708e\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u8bca\u65ad\u51fa\u9aa8\u7ed3\u6838\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u533b\u751f\u5b9e\u65bd\u591a\u6b21\u624b\u672f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4f2f\u5927\u5c3c\u4f1a\u5973\u6267\u4e8b\u9662\u7684\u7ec6\u5fc3\u62a4\u7406\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u633d\u6551\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u4f59\u5f00\u679d\u4e3a\u201c\u5c06\u6551\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u5e26\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u80de\u201d\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4f7f\u547d\u6240\u6fc0\u52b1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u957f\u671f\u75c5\u75db\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u505c\u6b62\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u5ba2\u6b7b\u5f02\u4e61\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u5757\u5893\u7891\uff01<\/p>\n
\n2016\u5e74\uff0c\u7802\u62c9\u8d8a\u536b\u7406\u516c\u4f1a\u534e\u4eba\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u90e8\u66fe\u7ec4\u56e2\u524d\u5f80\u6c5f\u897f\u7701\u7684\u4e5d\u6c5f\u4e0e\u5357\u660c\u4e00\u5e26\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bf9\u672c\u5730\u53f2\u9887\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6c5f\u897f\u4eba\u6768\u6797\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u300a\u4e5d\u6c5f\u540c\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b9d\u6d01\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\u5bb6\u65cf\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u5fb7\u56fd\u7c4d\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a
\n\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e5d\u6c5f\u540c\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u539f\u6765\u7531\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u7537\u6821\u540c\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u5973\u6821\u5112\u52b1\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u65f6\u7684\u540c\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u82f1\u6587\u540d\u4e3aWilliam Nast Academy\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8bd1\u4e3a\u2018\u5357\u4f1f\u70c8\u4e2d\u5b66\u2019\u3002\u5357\u4f1f\u70c8\uff081807-1899\uff09\u662f\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u65e9\u4f7f\u7528\u5fb7\u8bed\u8fdb\u884c\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u7531\u5fb7\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u5411\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u5206\u652f\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u62c5\u4efb\u540c\u6587\u6821\u957f\u7684\u5e93\u601d\u975e\uff08Carl Frederick Kupfer\uff0c1852-1925\uff09\u4fbf\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u4e0d\u5c11\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u5357\u4f1f\u70c8\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u8868\u7eaa\u5ff5\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u4fbf\u4ee5\u5357\u4f1f\u70c8\u547d\u540d\u3002\u5357\u4f1f\u70c8\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u7279\uff08Albert Nast\uff0c1846-1936\uff09\u957f\u671f\u62c5\u4efb\u5b66\u6821\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u201d
\n\u201c\u5b9d\u6d01\u516c\u53f8\u662f\u7531\u4e24\u4f4d\u8fde\u895f\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u666e\u7f57\u514b\u7279\uff08William Procter\uff0c1801-1884\uff09\u548c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\uff08James Gamble\uff0c1803-1891\uff09\u4e8e1837\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\uff08William Gamble\uff0c1845-1897\uff09\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u8303\u59ae\u00b7\u7eb3\u65af\u7279\u2014\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\uff08Fanny Nast-Gamble,1848-1914\uff09\u662f\u5357\u4f1f\u70c8\u7684\u5973\u513f\u3002\u5979\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d44\u52a9\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6709\u91cd\u5e86\u548c\u4ed9\u6e38\u7684\u5973\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u91cd\u5e86\u533b\u79d1\u5927\u5b66\u9644\u5c5e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u533b\u9662\u548c\u4ed9\u6e38\u53bf\u4eba\u6c11\u533b\u9662\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u4e5d\u6c5f\uff0c\u540c\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\u5185\u7684\u7518\u5357\u5802\u548c\u5987\u5e7c\u533b\u9662\u9644\u8bbe\u7684\u62a4\u58eb\u5b66\u6821\u662f\u4ee5\u5979\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5979\u672c\u4eba\u6216\u662f\u5979\u7684\u4eb2\u53cb\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5979\u800c\u8d5e\u52a9\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u636e1912\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u7ed9\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u5728\u4e5d\u6c5f\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6350\u6b3e\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5c0f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7518\u5e03\u5c14\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5b9d\u6d01\u516c\u53f8\u526f\u603b\u88c1\u3002\u201d
\n2018\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e0b\u7279\u5730\u767b\u95e8\u9020\u8bbf\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u4f5b\u7684\u536b\u7406\u529e\u516c\u697c\u53ca\u5176\u5c5e\u4e0b\u4f2f\u5927\u5c3c\u62a4\u58eb\u4e4b\u5bb6\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u89e3\u30021847\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56ef\u536b\u7406\u521d\u4f20\u5165\u798f\u5dde\uff0c1848\u5e74\u4f20\u81f3\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5fb7\u56fd\u536b\u7406\u5b97\u4ecd\u67095\u4e07\u540d\u4f1a\u4f17\uff0c454\u6240\u6559\u5802\u53ca302\u4f4d\u7267\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u80a1\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u53ea\u662f\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5306\u5306\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u53f2\u6599\u4e8b\u8ff9\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8003\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"